**Core Concept**
Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develop from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. These malignancies can arise in various lymphoid tissues, including lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid organs in the gut.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
This question requires the test-taker to evaluate statements about lymphoma. The correct answer will be the statement that is not true, requiring an understanding of the underlying biology and characteristics of lymphoma. Lymphomas can be broadly classified into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This statement is true. Lymphomas can arise from B cells, T cells, or natural killer cells, which are all types of lymphocytes. These malignancies can be aggressive or indolent, depending on the specific type and underlying biology.

**Option B:** This statement is true. Lymphomas can be further classified into various subtypes based on the specific type of lymphocyte involved, the presence of particular genetic mutations, and the expression of specific proteins. Examples of subtypes include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma.

**Option C:** This statement is not true. Lymphomas are typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the specific type and stage of the disease. Surgery is not a primary treatment for lymphoma, although it may be used in some cases to remove a large tumor or to relieve symptoms.

**Option D:** This statement is true. Lymphomas can be staged using the Ann Arbor staging system, which takes into account the extent of disease spread and the presence of symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to remember that lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of diseases, and the specific treatment approach depends on the underlying biology and characteristics of the malignancy. A thorough understanding of the different subtypes and treatment options is crucial for effective management.

**Correct Answer: C. Lymphomas are typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the specific type and stage of the disease.**