**Core Concept**
Compton scattering is a type of interaction between X-rays and the electrons in a material, resulting in a change in the direction of the X-ray photon. This phenomenon is essential in understanding the behavior of X-rays in medical imaging and radiation therapy.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Compton scattering occurs when an X-ray photon collides with a loosely bound electron in the material, causing the electron to be ejected from the atom. The energy transferred to the electron results in a change in the direction of the X-ray photon. The probability of Compton scattering depends on the energy of the X-ray photon and the density of the material. In Compton scattering, a significant portion of the X-ray energy is transferred to the electron, resulting in a lower energy X-ray photon being scattered in a different direction.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Incorrect because Compton scattering is not related to the photoelectric effect, which involves the absorption of X-ray energy by tightly bound electrons.
**Option B:** Incorrect because Rayleigh scattering is a different type of interaction between X-rays and materials, where the X-ray photon is scattered by tightly bound electrons without a change in energy.
**Option C:** Incorrect because pair production occurs when an X-ray photon has sufficient energy to create a pair of electrons and a positron, which is not related to Compton scattering.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
In medical imaging, Compton scattering is responsible for the attenuation of X-rays as they pass through the body, resulting in the formation of images. Understanding Compton scattering is crucial for optimizing imaging protocols and minimizing radiation exposure to patients.

**Correct Answer:** B.