**Core Concept**
Spirometry is a non-invasive pulmonary function test used to assess lung function by measuring the volume and flow of air inhaled and exhaled by the lungs. It provides valuable information about lung volumes, capacities, and airflow limitations.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Spirometry measures forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC). However, it cannot measure lung volumes such as residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), and total lung capacity (TLC) because these values require the use of additional techniques, like helium dilution or plethysmography.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Spirometry can actually measure FVC, which includes the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
**Option B:** Spirometry measures FEV1, which is a component of lung function that can be affected by airway obstruction or restriction.
**Option C:** Spirometry can measure the ratio of FEV1 to FVC, which is a crucial parameter in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to remember that spirometry is a simple, yet powerful tool for assessing lung function, but its limitations should not be overlooked. Always consider the entire clinical picture and use multiple tests to accurately diagnose and manage respiratory conditions.

**Correct Answer: D. Lung volumes such as residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), and total lung capacity (TLC).**