Microcephaly can also be associated with other conditions that are only indirectly associated with the nervous system: Alcoholism (which can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome disability); Diabetes; Varicella zoster virus (Chickenpox); Rubella (German measles); Radiation. After the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, several women in close proximity to Ground Zero who had been pregnant at the time gave birth to children with microcephaly> Many genetic conditions are associated with MACROCEPHALY, including familial macrocephaly, autism, PTEN mutations such as Cowden disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, and tuberous sclerosis; overgrowth syndromes such as Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism), Weaver syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (Bulldog syndrome), and macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CMTC) syndrome; neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes such as Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; Fragile X syndrome; leukodystrophies (brain white matter degeneration) such as Alexander disease, Canavan disease, and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts; and glutaric aciduria type 1 and D-2-hydroxyglutahc aciduria.> Cowden syndrome (also known as "Cowden's disease," and "Multiple hamartoma syndrome" is a rare autosomal dominar t inherited disorder characterized by multiple tumor-like growths called hamartomas and an increased risk of certain form;; of cancer.> Clinical features of Cowden syndrome are diverse, including breast, endometrial, thyroid, kidney and colorectal cancers, dermatologic features such as oral and skin papillomas, trichilemmomas, gastrointestinal features such as mixed polyposis including hamartomas, and neurologic features such as autism and Lhermitte Duclos disease.> Tuberous sclerosis or tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multi-system genetic disease that causes non-malignant tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin.> A combination of symptoms may include seizures, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnormalities, lung and kidney disease.> TSC is caused by a mutation of either of two genes, TSC1 and TSC2, which code for the proteins hamartin and tuberin respectively. These proteins act as tumor growth suppressors, agents that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation.> Alexander disease is a slowly progressing and fatal neurodegenerative disease. It is a very rare disorder which results from a genetic mutation and mostly affects infants and children, causing developmental delay and changes in physical characteristics. Delays in development of some physical, psychological and behavioral skills, progressive enlargement of the head (macrocephaly), seizures, spasticity, in some cases also hydrocephalus, dementia">