Pharmacology

The positive inotropic effect of digitalis due to inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cardiac muscle cell membrane leads to:

Decreased activity of Na+/Ca++ exchanger causing decreased influx of sodium and decreased efflux of Ca++ in the sarcolemma

Decreased efflux of Na+ leading to less negative resting membrane potential and opening of voltage gated Ca++ channels on the T tubules

Increased intracellular Na+ causing increased efflux of Na+ and increased influx of Ca++ through Na+/ Ca++ exchanger in the sarcolemma

Increased intracellular Na+ decreasing the activity of Ca++ pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum