articles/PMC2636132/)Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on ophthalmic manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus:Before the introduction of HAART, CMV retinitis affected 30-40% of HIV-infected individuals. At that time a study from our center documented CMV retinitis and cotton-wool spots caused by HIV-related microvasculopathy as the most frequently encountered ocular lesions.Additionally, a study conducted at our center in Indian children infected with HIV found a high prevalence of ocular and systemic lesions, most commonly anterior uveitis followed by CMV retinitis.Since the advent of HAART, immune recovery uveitis (IRU) has become an ocular manifestation described in patients with inactive CMV retinitis. The reported incidence of IRU has been shown to vary widely and limited data is available of possible risk factors.Some HIV-infected individuals experience clinical deterioration after initiating antiretroviral therapy that is believed to be a result of the restored immune system to mount an exuberant inflammatory response. Immune reconstitution syndrome can cause posterior segment inflammation in CMV retinitis and can lead to visual morbidity in patients with AIDS.">