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Medicine

All of the following statements are true regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) except?

The "two-hit" model proposes that secondary MODS may be produced when even a relatively minor second insult reactivates, in a more amplified form, the systemic inflammatory response that was primed by an initial insult to the host.

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), shock due to sepsis or SIRS, and MODS may be regarded as a continuum of illness severity.

Prolonged stimulation or activation of Kupffer cells in the liver is thought to be a critical factor in the sustained, uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators.

The incidence of MODS in intensive care units has decreased owing to increased awareness, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome.

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