**Core Concept**
Autosomal dominant disorders are characterized by the presence of a single copy of a dominant allele, leading to the expression of the disease. This means that a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene is sufficient to cause the condition, and each child of an affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder because it is caused by a mutation in a single gene, and a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease. This is in contrast to autosomal recessive disorders, which require a mutation in both copies of the gene to cause the disease. The genetic mechanism underlying the correct answer involves the presence of a dominant allele that disrupts normal gene function, leading to the characteristic features of the disorder.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because it is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder, which requires a mutation in both copies of the gene to cause the disease.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect because it is a multifactorial disorder, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect because it is a mitochondrial disorder, which is inherited solely from the mother and does not follow an autosomal pattern.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Autosomal dominant disorders often have a variable age of onset and can be caused by mutations in any gene, making them a diverse group of conditions.

**Correct Answer: C. A disorder caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the protein responsible for the disease, such as Neurofibromatosis type 1.