Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for CHD ?
**Core Concept**
Age is a well-established non-modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). As individuals age, the risk of developing CHD increases due to the cumulative effect of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and other age-related changes. This is reflected in the Framingham Heart Study and other epidemiological research.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is age because it is a fixed, unavoidable aspect of human biology. As people get older, their risk of developing CHD increases due to the gradual buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis. This process is influenced by various factors, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. However, age itself is not modifiable and serves as a critical risk factor for CHD.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** Family history is a modifiable risk factor to some extent, as individuals can take steps to mitigate their genetic predisposition by adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing stress, and participating in regular exercise.
* **Option B:** Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor, as individuals can take medication, adopt lifestyle changes, or undergo other interventions to manage their blood pressure and reduce their risk of CHD.
* **Option C:** Diabetes mellitus is also a modifiable risk factor, as individuals can manage their condition through diet, exercise, and medication to reduce their risk of developing CHD.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to note that while age is a non-modifiable risk factor, lifestyle modifications and interventions can significantly reduce the risk of CHD in individuals of all ages. This highlights the importance of preventive measures, early detection, and timely treatment in managing CHD risk.
**Correct Answer:** D. Age.