**Question:** Which of the following infects hair, skin, and nails?

*A. Tinea capitis*
*B. Tinea corporis*
*C. Tinea pedis*
*D. Tinea manuum*

**Core Concept:**
Antifungal infections are caused by various dermatophytes, which are fungi that primarily affect keratinized tissues, including hair, skin, and nails. These infections are collectively known as dermatophytoses or ringworms.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**
Tinea capitis (A) primarily affects the scalp and hair, leading to a characteristic circular patch of hair loss with a surrounding inflammatory rim. Tinea corporis (B) is a general term for skin ringworm, affecting various body parts. Tinea pedis (C) is a foot infection, commonly known as athlete's foot, affecting the skin and nails on the feet. Tinea manuum (D) refers to hand ringworm, affecting the skin and nails on the hands.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
*Tinea pedis (C) is incorrect because it only affects the feet, not hair.*
*Tinea manuum (D) is incorrect as it primarily affects the hands, not hair.*
*Tinea capitis (A) is incorrect as it primarily affects the scalp, not hair.*
*Tinea corporis (B) is incorrect as it affects various body parts, not specifically hair.*

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**
Tinea capitis (A) is the correct answer because it specifically targets the scalp and hair, leading to hair loss and inflammation. This infection is a subset of dermatophytosis, caused by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton and Microsporum species.

**Clinical Pearl:**
*Tinea capitis is a common infection in childhood, affecting both immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients.*
*It may present with various symptoms like alopecia, scaling, and inflammation depending on the stage of infection.*

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
*Tinea pedis (C) affects the feet (athlete's foot) and not hair.*
*Tinea manuum (D) affects the hands (ringworm of the hands) rather than hair.*
*Tinea capitis (A) specifically targets the scalp and hair, not hair alone.*
*Tinea corporis (B) affects various body parts, not specifically hair.*

**Clinical Pearls:**
*Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on characteristic presentation.*
*Direct microscopy and culture can be performed for confirmation.*
*Treatment includes topical and oral antifungal agents, depending on the severity and extension of the infection.*
*Prevention focuses on maintaining personal hygiene and avoiding direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects.*