Ans. is 'a' i.e., Fenoldopam Summary And Recommendations for prevention of contrast induced nephropathy (uptodate recommendation )o Optimal therapy to prevent contrast-induced acute renal failure remains uncertain. Patients with near-normal renal function are at little risk and few precautions are necessary other than avoidance of volume depletion.o We recommend the following preventive measures for patients at increased risk of contrast nephropathy, which is defined a serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL (132 micromol/L) or an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/l 73 m2, particularly in those with diabetes.o Use, if possible, ultrasonography, MRI without gadolinium contrast, or CT scanning without radiocontrast agents.o We recommend NOT using high osmolal agents is not recommendedo We recommend the use of iodixanol or nonionic low osmolal agems such as iopamidol or ioversol rather than iohexol.o Use lower doses of contrast and avoid repetitive, closely spaced studies.o Avoid volume depletion and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.o If there are no contra indications to volume expansion, we recommend isotonic intravenous fluids prior to and continued for several hours after contrast administration. The optimal type offluid and timing of administration are not well established. We suggest isotonic bicarbonate rather than isotonic saline.o Despite conflicting data, we suggest that acetylcysteine be administered the day before and the day of the procedure, based upon its potentialfor benefit and low toxicity and cost. If acetylcysteine is administered, we suggest giving 1200 mg orally twice daily rather than 600 mg twice daily the day before and the day of the procedure.o Based upon the lack of convincing evidence of benefit and ihe potential risk of anaphylactoid reactions, we suggest not using intravenous acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast nephropathy. (Note: Oral acetylcysteine is used)o We recommend NOT using mannitol or other diuretics prophytactically.o Among patients with stage 3 and 4 CKD, we recommend NOTperforming prophylactic hemofiltration or hemodialysis after contrast exposure.o Among patients with stage 5 CKD, we suggest prophylactic hemodialysis after contrast exposure if there is already a functioning hemodialysis access.