**Core Concept**
The question is testing the ability to identify a disease that is transmitted through all components of blood. This requires knowledge of the various diseases that can be transmitted through blood transfusions, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is Hepatitis B, which can be transmitted through all components of blood, including red blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can survive the standard blood screening tests and can infect patients through blood transfusions. This is because HBV infects liver cells and can be present in the blood even if the patient is asymptomatic or has a low viral load.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Hepatitis C is also a blood-borne pathogen, but it is primarily transmitted through plasma and not through all components of blood. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is more likely to be detected through standard blood screening tests.
**Option B:** HIV is a blood-borne pathogen, but it is primarily transmitted through plasma and not through all components of blood. HIV can be detected through standard blood screening tests, making it less likely to be transmitted through blood transfusions.
**Option C:** Syphilis is a bacterial infection that can be transmitted through blood transfusions, but it is not as easily transmitted as Hepatitis B. Syphilis is typically detected through standard blood screening tests.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to remember that Hepatitis B can be transmitted through all components of blood, making it a critical disease to detect through blood screening tests.

**Correct Answer:** C.