**Core Concept**
Benign hypertension, also known as essential hypertension, is a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure without an identifiable secondary cause. Histologically, the kidneys play a crucial role in its pathogenesis, with changes primarily affecting the renal vasculature and glomeruli.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The typical histological finding in benign hypertension is the presence of **hypertensive arteriolosclerosis**, which involves thickening of the arteriolar walls due to increased deposition of collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle cells. This leads to narrowing of the arteriolar lumens, increased peripheral resistance, and further blood pressure elevation. The changes are most pronounced in the intrarenal vessels, particularly the afferent arterioles of the glomeruli.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** This option might refer to glomerulosclerosis, which is a characteristic feature of diabetic nephropathy, not benign hypertension.
* **Option B:** Fibrinoid necrosis is a feature of malignant hypertension, not benign hypertension. It involves damage to the arteriolar walls due to severe blood pressure elevation.
* **Option D:** This option might refer to vascular calcification, which can be seen in various conditions, including chronic kidney disease, but is not a hallmark of benign hypertension.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to distinguish between benign and malignant hypertension based on their histological findings, as the latter requires prompt treatment to prevent further organ damage.

**Correct Answer: C. Hypertensive arteriolosclerosis.**