True about aminoglycoside is all except:
Aminoglycosides are antibiotics used for gram-negative infections. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Common ones are gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin. They have a narrow therapeutic index, so monitoring of serum levels is important. They're nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Also, they're aminoglycosides, so they're polar, not well absorbed orally, and are mainly used parenterally.
Now, the question is asking which statement is NOT true. The options aren't given, but possible incorrect statements could be about their use in certain infections, adverse effects, mechanisms, or administration routes. For example, if an option says they're used in anaerobic infections, that's wrong because aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobes. Another wrong option might be that they're well absorbed orally, which is false. Or maybe a statement about them being bacteriostatic instead of bactericidal.
Wait, the correct answer is supposed to be the exception. So the incorrect statement (the correct answer) would be something that's false. Let's think of common misconceptions. Aminoglycosides are concentration-dependent with post-antibiotic effect. They're often given once daily to reduce toxicity. If an option says they're time-dependent, that's incorrect. Also, they require acidic urine for effectiveness, but some might say they need alkaline urine, which is wrong. Another point: they don't cross the blood-brain barrier, so they're not used for CNS infections unless there's meningitis and the CSF is accessible.
Let me structure the explanation. The core concept is about aminoglycoside pharmacology and clinical use. The correct answer is the exception, so I need to identify the false statement. Then, for each wrong option, explain why they're incorrect. The clinical pearl would be that aminoglycosides are not effective against anaerobes and have significant toxicity. The correct answer line is the one that's an exception.
**Core Concept**
Aminoglycosides are bactericidal antibiotics targeting gram-negative aerobes by binding 30S ribosomal subunits, inhibiting protein synthesis. They exhibit concentration-dependent killing, post-antibiotic effect, and are associated with nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity. Their clinical use is limited to systemic infections due to poor oral absorption and poor CNS penetration.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
If an option incorrectly states that aminoglycosides are effective against **anaerobic bacteria**, it is false. Aminoglycosides require oxygen for uptake via active transport, rendering them ineffective against anaerobes. This is a classic exam trap—students may confuse them with metronidazole or clindamycin, which target anaerobes. Their mechanism (dependent on bacterial metabolism) inherently excludes anaerobic organisms.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** *