**Core Concept**
Parathyroid hyperplasia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of functioning parathyroid cells, leading to an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This results in hyperparathyroidism, a disorder that affects calcium and phosphate metabolism.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The treatment of parathyroid hyperplasia involves surgical removal of the affected parathyroid glands. This is because hyperplasia is a diffuse process, and medical management is often ineffective. The goal of surgery is to correct the hyperparathyroidism by reducing the number of functioning parathyroid cells. The surgical approach may involve subtotal parathyroidectomy, where 3.5 glands are removed, preserving a small amount of parathyroid tissue to maintain normal PTH levels.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** Medical management with calcium and vitamin D supplements is not sufficient to treat parathyroid hyperplasia, as it does not address the underlying cause of the condition.
* **Option B:** Radioactive iodine ablation is not a suitable treatment for parathyroid hyperplasia, as it is more commonly used for treating thyroid disorders.
* **Option D:** Parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor agonists are not used to treat parathyroid hyperplasia, as they would worsen the condition by stimulating the parathyroid cells.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When treating parathyroid hyperplasia, it is essential to note that the parathyroid glands are located near the thyroid gland and are often removed during thyroid surgery. The surgeon must carefully identify and preserve the parathyroid glands to avoid causing permanent hypoparathyroidism.

**Correct Answer: C. Surgical removal of the affected parathyroid glands.**