Kala azar is transmitted by: March 2007
## Core Concept
Kala azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is a severe form of leishmaniasis that affects the internal organs. The disease is caused by *Leishmania* parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. Understanding the vector is crucial for prevention and control of the disease.
## Why the Correct Answer is Right
The correct answer, **sandfly**, is the vector for transmitting *Leishmania* parasites to humans. When an infected sandfly feeds on human blood, it injects the parasites into the bloodstream, leading to infection. The parasites then invade and multiply within the reticuloendothelial system, causing the symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis. The primary species responsible for transmission vary geographically but are mainly from the genera *Phlebotomus* in the Old World and *Lutzomyia* in the New World.
## Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect
- **Option A:** This option is incorrect because it is not specified, but based on the correct answer being sandfly, any other vector or incorrect option would not be relevant to the transmission of Kala azar.
- **Option B:** Similarly, this option is incorrect for the same reason; it does not accurately represent the vector for Kala azar.
- **Option D:** This option is also incorrect as it does not correctly identify the sandfly as the vector for Kala azar.
## Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact
A key point to remember is that Kala azar is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans. The disease is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and can lead to severe symptoms, including fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and significant swelling of the liver and spleen if left untreated. Control measures focus on eliminating the vector and preventing bites.
## Correct Answer: C. sandfly