All are transmitted by blood except-
**Core Concept**
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is primarily transmitted through saliva, mucus, and other bodily fluids, but not through blood. This distinction is crucial for understanding the epidemiology and prevention of EBV infections.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Epstein-Barr virus is primarily spread through oral-oral contact, such as sharing food and drinks, kissing, or using the same utensils. This mode of transmission is facilitated by the virus's presence in saliva and mucus. In contrast, the other options (Parvovirus B-19, Hepatitis B, and Cytomegalovirus) are indeed transmitted through blood, either through transfusions or vertical transmission from mother to child.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Parvovirus B-19 is transmitted through respiratory droplets, but it can also be transmitted through blood, particularly in cases of transfusion or organ transplantation.
**Option B:** Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through blood and bodily fluids, such as through needle sharing, transfusions, or vertical transmission from mother to child.
**Option D:** Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplantation, or from mother to child during pregnancy, making it a blood-borne pathogen.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to note that while EBV is not transmitted through blood, it can cause a range of complications, including infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever), which can be mistaken for other conditions. A high index of suspicion and accurate diagnosis are crucial to prevent mismanagement and complications.
β Correct Answer: C. Epstein Bar virus