A child is diagnosed to have Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Presence of which of the following translocation confirms the diagnosis?
First, I need to recall the core concept. Burkitt's Lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and it's associated with a specific chromosomal translocation. The key here is the c-myc gene. The translocation typically involves the c-myc gene on chromosome 8 with the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene on chromosome 14. So the t(8;14)(q24;q32) is the classic one. There are also other translocations like t(2;8) and t(8;22), but the most common is t(8;14).
Now, the correct answer should be the translocation involving 8 and 14. The options are not provided, but assuming the correct answer is t(8;14), I need to explain why. The translocation leads to overexpression of c-myc, which drives the aggressive nature of the lymphoma. The c-myc gene is a proto-oncogene, and when it's deregulated due to translocation, it causes uncontrolled cell proliferation.
For the wrong options, common distractors might be translocations associated with other lymphomas. For example, t(14;18) is seen in follicular lymphoma, t(11;14) in mantle cell lymphoma, and t(15;17) in AML with PML-RARA. Each of these translocations is specific to different conditions, so they can't be confused with Burkitt's.
Clinical pearl: Remember that the c-myc translocation in Burkitt's leads to high proliferation and a very aggressive cancer. The presence of the "starry sky" appearance on histology is another key feature, but the translocation is diagnostic.
Putting it all together, the explanation should cover the core concept, why the correct answer is right, why others are wrong, and a memorable point. Need to make sure the language is precise with correct medical terms and fits within the character limit.
**Core Concept**
Burkitt's lymphoma is a highly aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by a chromosomal translocation involving the **c-myc proto-oncogene** on chromosome 8. The translocation deregulates c-myc expression, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. The **t(8;14)(q24;q32)** translocation is the most common, though t(2;8) and t(8;22) are also seen.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The **t(8;14)** translocation fuses the c-myc gene (8q24) with the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus (14q32). This juxtaposition causes constitutive overexpression of c-myc, driving rapid malignant B-cell proliferation. The translocation is diagnostic of Burkitt's lymphoma and differentiates it from other lymphomas. It is detected via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or karyotyping.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:**