**Question:** The following statements are true regarding melioidosis except -

A. Melioidosis is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is commonly found in soil and water in endemic regions.
B. Symptoms of melioidosis range from subclinical infection to septic shock and death.
C. Diagnosis is often made by detecting antibodies or antigen in the blood.
D. Treatment involves a short course of antibiotics.

**Correct Answer:** C. Diagnosis is often made by detecting antibodies or antigen in the blood.

**Core Concept:**
Melioidosis is a systemic bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. It predominantly affects individuals with underlying risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and alcoholism. The bacterium is commonly found in soil and water in endemic regions, particularly Southeast Asia and Northern Australia.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**
Diagnosis of melioidosis is generally made through direct isolation of the causative agent from blood, sputum, urine, or other body fluids, as well as by serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detecting antibodies or antigens in the blood. These tests can be helpful in confirming the diagnosis when clinical features, epidemiological context, and radiological findings are suggestive of melioidosis.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
A. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, and detecting antibodies or antigens in the blood is essential for diagnosis.
B. The severity of symptoms in melioidosis ranges from subclinical infection to septic shock and death. In reality, melioidosis can present with various clinical manifestations, including pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and septicemia.
D. Treatment of melioidosis involves a short course of antibiotics, which is correct, but the statement "short course" does not explain the detailed treatment approach.

**Clinical Pearls:**
Melioidosis is a disease that can mimic other infections or illnesses, making it essential to consider the clinical context, epidemiology, and radiographic findings alongside diagnostic tests. In the absence of definitive microbiological confirmation, a high index of suspicion is crucial for prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy.