Tardive dyskinesia is produced by following except –
**Tardive Dyskinesia**
**Core Concept**
Tardive dyskinesia is a type of movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the face, trunk, or limbs. It is often caused by long-term use of neuroleptic medications, which block dopamine receptors in the brain.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Tardive dyskinesia is typically associated with the blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the basal ganglia, particularly in the putamen and caudate nucleus. This blockade leads to an imbalance in the dopaminergic system, causing the characteristic symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a disruption in the normal function of the striatum and its connections to the thalamus and cortex.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Incorrect because anticholinergic medications can cause extrapyramidal side effects, but they are not typically associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia.
**Option B:** Incorrect because while certain antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications may exacerbate tardive dyskinesia, they are not primary causes of the disorder.
**Option C:** Incorrect because certain antiparkinsonian medications, such as levodopa, can actually worsen tardive dyskinesia in some cases.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Tardive dyskinesia is often irreversible, and treatment options are limited. Early recognition and discontinuation of the offending medication are critical in preventing the development of this condition.
**Correct Answer: A. Anticholinergic medications.**