**Core Concept**
The question is testing the knowledge of the surgical management of congenital cataracts, a condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque in a child born with it. This requires a thorough understanding of pediatric ophthalmology and the various surgical techniques available for treating this condition.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The surgery of choice for congenital cataracts is usually intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, specifically posterior chamber IOLs. This is because the lens capsule is usually intact in children, allowing for safe and effective lens implantation. The posterior chamber IOL is placed in the posterior chamber of the eye, behind the iris, and in front of the vitreous gel. This allows for optimal focusing of light and minimizes the risk of complications.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Extracapsular cataract extraction is not the preferred method for congenital cataracts, as the lens capsule is often intact and not easily separated from the lens.
**Option B:** Phacoemulsification is a modern cataract surgery technique, but it is not the preferred method for congenital cataracts due to the risk of complications and the need for careful management of the posterior chamber.
**Option C:** Penetrating keratoplasty is a surgical procedure for replacing the cornea, and it is not indicated for the treatment of congenital cataracts.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to note that the timing of cataract surgery in children is critical, as delayed treatment can lead to amblyopia (lazy eye) and other vision problems. Early surgical intervention is often recommended to prevent long-term visual impairment.

**Correct Answer: C. Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, specifically posterior chamber IOLs.**