In general, what species are predominant in supragingival tooth-associated attached plaque?
**Core Concept**
The question is testing the understanding of the microbiological composition of supragingival plaque, which is a type of biofilm that forms on the surface of teeth above the gum line. Supragingival plaque is primarily composed of microorganisms that are loosely attached to the tooth surface.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The predominant species in supragingival plaque are Gram-positive cocci, particularly **Streptococcus mutans** and **Streptococcus sanguinis**. These bacteria are able to adhere to the smooth surface of the tooth and form a biofilm through the production of extracellular polysaccharides. The presence of these bacteria is often associated with the development of dental caries and periodontal disease. The ability of **S. mutans** to produce acid from the fermentation of dietary sugars is a key factor in the development of dental caries.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** **Actinobacteria** are not the predominant species in supragingival plaque. While they can be present in smaller numbers, they are more commonly associated with the oral cavity in the form of Actinomyces species.
**Option B:** **Fusobacteria** are not typically found in supragingival plaque. They are more commonly associated with the subgingival plaque and are often found in larger numbers in periodontal pockets.
**Option C:** **Veillonella** species are not the predominant species in supragingival plaque. While they can be present in small numbers, they are more commonly associated with the oral cavity in the form of Veillonella species that are found in the subgingival plaque.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to note that the composition of supragingival plaque can be altered by various factors, including diet, oral hygiene practices, and the presence of dental restorations. Regular oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing, can help to remove bacteria and prevent the formation of supragingival plaque.
**Correct Answer:** C.