Which of the following reaction is an example of substrate level phosphorylation occurring in TCA cycle?
**Core Concept:**
Substrate level phosphorylation is a type of energy conversion where ATP is produced through the direct phosphorylation of a substrate molecule without the use of oxygen (oxidative phosphorylation). The TCA cycle (Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs cycle) is an essential aerobic process in eukaryotic cells, which generates ATP by oxidative decarboxylation of organic compounds, specifically alpha-ketoglutarate.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**
The correct answer is **C. alpha-Ketoglutarate**. In the TCA cycle, alpha-ketoglutarate serves as a substrate for the enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the reaction:
6-carbon alpha-ketoglutarate + NAD+ + CoA → 6-carbon succinyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2
During this reaction, ATP is produced via substrate level phosphorylation due to the addition of a phosphate group to alpha-ketoglutarate, resulting in the formation of succinyl-CoA.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
A. **Option A (malate)** - Malate is not phosphorylated in the TCA cycle, as it does not undergo oxidative decarboxylation in the first step of the cycle.
B. **Option B (citrate)** - Citrate is not phosphorylated in the TCA cycle, as it is involved in the decarboxylation reaction, which generates energy but does not directly produce ATP through phosphorylation.
D. **Option D (CO2)** - Carbon dioxide (CO2) is not involved in substrate level phosphorylation, as it is a byproduct of the reaction and does not undergo any phosphorylation process during the TCA cycle.
**Clinical Pearl:**
The TCA cycle is a crucial energy-producing pathway, functioning as a source of ATP and NADH in aerobic conditions. By understanding the role of each reactant in the cycle, medical students can appreciate the significance of TCA cycle enzymes and intermediates in cellular respiration and energy production.