**Core Concept**
The Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin skin test (TST), is a diagnostic tool used to assess the presence of latent or active tuberculosis (TB) infection. It involves injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin into the skin, and the resulting skin reaction is measured 48-72 hours later.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
A positive Mantoux test indicates that the individual has been exposed to TB bacteria, either through an active infection or vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). However, a positive test does not necessarily mean that the person is currently suffering from active TB disease. This is because a positive test can also indicate latent TB infection, where the individual is not showing symptoms but is still infected with the bacteria. The test's sensitivity and specificity are crucial in distinguishing between latent and active TB.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** The test is typically read between 48-72 hours, not less than 48 hours. **Option B:** An induration of 6-9 mm is considered positive in individuals with high risk factors, such as immunocompromised patients or those with HIV/AIDS, but it does not necessarily indicate the maximum chances of developing TB. **Option D:** New cases are more likely to occur in individuals who are tuberculin negative, as they may not have developed immunity to TB.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When interpreting the Mantoux test results, it is essential to consider the individual's risk factors, such as immunocompromised status, age, and exposure to TB. A positive test should be followed by further evaluation, including chest X-rays and sputum smear microscopy, to determine the presence of active TB disease.

**✓ Correct Answer: C. A positive test does not indicate that the person is suffering from disease.**