Sputum can be disinfected by all except –
**Core Concept**
Sputum is a mixture of mucus, saliva, and other substances that can harbor pathogens, making disinfection crucial in preventing disease transmission. Effective disinfection of sputum requires understanding the chemical properties of various disinfectants and their modes of action.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Formaldehyde is a widely used disinfectant for sputum due to its broad-spectrum activity and ability to inactivate spores. It works by coagulating proteins, disrupting cell membranes, and ultimately causing cell death. Formaldehyde's effectiveness against sputum is attributed to its ability to penetrate and inactivate microorganisms within the mucus matrix.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Chlorine-based disinfectants, such as bleach, are effective against sputum as they release hypochlorous acid, which inactivates microorganisms through oxidation and coagulation of proteins.
**Option B:** Hydrogen peroxide is a disinfectant that decomposes into oxygen and water, releasing reactive oxygen species that damage cellular components and ultimately inactivate microorganisms.
**Option C:** Glutaraldehyde is a potent disinfectant that works by cross-linking proteins, disrupting cell membranes, and ultimately causing cell death, making it effective against sputum.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When selecting a disinfectant for sputum, it's essential to consider the concentration, contact time, and temperature, as these factors can significantly impact the efficacy of the disinfectant.
**Correct Answer: D. Ethylene oxide is not typically used for sputum disinfection, as it requires specialized equipment and is more commonly used for sterilizing heat-sensitive equipment and materials.**