Sex can be determined by all except –
**Core Concept**
Sex determination in humans is a complex process involving multiple genetic and anatomical factors. The presence of specific sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males) and the presence of Y chromosome-specific genes, such as SRY, play crucial roles in determining sex. The development of secondary sexual characteristics and the differentiation of internal and external genitalia also contribute to sex determination.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer involves identifying a method that does not contribute to sex determination. The presence of XX or XY sex chromosomes is the primary determinant of sex, while the presence of SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers the development of testes and subsequent male sexual differentiation. Other factors, such as the presence of Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also play roles in sex determination.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is a valid method of sex determination. The presence of specific sex chromosomes is the primary determinant of sex.
**Option B:** This option is also a valid method of sex determination. The presence of SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers the development of testes and subsequent male sexual differentiation.
**Option C:** This option is a valid method of sex determination. The presence of Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) also play roles in sex determination.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
A key point to remember is that sex determination is a complex process involving multiple genetic and anatomical factors. Understanding the role of sex chromosomes, SRY gene, and other hormones is crucial for diagnosing and managing disorders of sex development.
**Correct Answer:** D