**Question:** A nurse has been found to be seropositive for both HbsAg and HbeAg. She is suffering from:(AIIMS November 2014, May 2013)

A. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection
B. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection
C. Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) infection
D. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection

**Core Concept:**

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are both blood-borne viruses responsible for liver inflammation and disease. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are also blood-borne viruses that can cause hepatitis, but they are less common in comparison to HBV and HCV.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**

The correct answer is A. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, because the presence of both HBsAg and HBeAg in a patient indicates an active HBV infection. HBsAg is a marker of hepatitis B surface antigen, which is produced during acute infection, while HBeAg is a marker of hepatitis B e antigen, produced during the active phase of infection. Both markers are indicative of an active hepatitis B infection.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

Option B. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is incorrect because the presence of HBsAg alone or in combination with HBeAg does not confirm an active HCV infection. HBsAg alone indicates acute hepatitis B infection, while HBeAg indicates active infection. HBsAg does not indicate the presence of HCV.

Option C. Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) infection is incorrect because the presence of both HBsAg and HBeAg does not confirm an active HDV infection. HBsAg indicates acute hepatitis B infection, while HBeAg indicates active infection. HDV infection requires the presence of HBsAg and HBeAg simultaneously to confirm an active HDV infection, which is not the case in this scenario.

Option D. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection is incorrect because the presence of HBsAg and HBeAg does not confirm an active HEV infection. HBsAg indicates acute hepatitis B infection, while HBeAg indicates active infection. HEV infection requires the presence of HBsAg and HBeAg simultaneously to confirm an active HEV infection, which is not the case in this scenario.

**Clinical Pearl:**

Active hepatitis B infection is characterized by the presence of HBsAg and HBeAg in the serum. This combination indicates an active viral replication and inflammation of the liver. The absence of HBeAg indicates that the patient is not in the acute phase of infection but is in the immune-response phase where the immune system is fighting the infection. HBV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer if left untreated. Early intervention and appropriate management are essential to prevent long-term complications.