In late stages of systemic sclerosis may have all the given features, EXCEPT:
## Core Concept
Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by thickening of the skin and involvement of internal organs due to excessive collagen deposition. In its late stages, the disease can lead to significant morbidity and mortality due to complications such as pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and gastrointestinal dysmotility.
## Why the Correct Answer is Right
The correct answer, , is related to the typical features seen in late-stage systemic sclerosis. Common manifestations include skin thickening (sclerodactyly), esophageal dysmotility, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
## Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect
* **Option A:** - This option might include features commonly seen in systemic sclerosis such as skin thickening, telangiectasias, or calcinosis.
* **Option B:** - This could represent another common feature like esophageal reflux due to decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure or gastrointestinal dysmotility.
* **Option C:** - Possibly indicative of pulmonary involvement, which is a known complication of systemic sclerosis.
* **Option D:** - This option might suggest an acute inflammatory condition or another autoimmune disease feature not typical of late-stage systemic sclerosis.
## Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact
A key clinical pearl is that in late-stage systemic sclerosis, patients are at high risk for pulmonary complications, including pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, which are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Recognizing these complications early is crucial for management.
## Correct Answer: D.