## Core Concept
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory loss. The etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Understanding risk factors is crucial for early diagnosis and management.

## Why the Correct Answer is Right
The correct answer, , includes established risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Advanced age is the most significant risk factor, with the prevalence of Alzheimer's doubling approximately every five years after age 65. Family history of Alzheimer's, particularly having a first-degree relative with the disease, increases an individual's risk. Other risk factors include history of head trauma, cardiovascular diseases, and certain genetic mutations (e.g., APOE ε4 allele).

## Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect
* **Option A:** While some vascular risk factors might contribute to cognitive decline, they are not as directly linked to Alzheimer's as the factors in the correct answer.
* **Option B:** This option might include factors not directly established as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
* **Option D:** Similarly, this option may list factors that are not specifically or strongly associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's.

## Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact
A key clinical pearl is that early detection and management of risk factors may help in slowing down cognitive decline. For instance, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity, social engagement, and a balanced diet, may reduce the risk. The APOE ε4 allele is a well-known genetic risk factor, but its presence does not predetermine the development of Alzheimer's.

## Correct Answer: .