**Question:** Retrospective evaluation of medical performance is known as –

A. Audit
B. Peer review
C. Clinical governance
D. Case report

**Core Concept:** In the context of medical education and practice, retrospective evaluation refers to a process of reviewing and evaluating medical performance, care, and decisions after they have already occurred. This evaluation aims to identify areas of improvement, enhance patient safety, and ensure the quality of medical practice.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** A retrospective evaluation method is selected based on the specific purpose and context. In this case, "Audit" (option A) is the correct choice. An audit refers to a systematic evaluation of healthcare activities to ensure they meet predetermined standards. It assesses processes, outcomes, and potential areas for improvement.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

**Option B (Peer review):** Peer review involves evaluating medical performance through discussions amongst peers. While peer review is a valuable tool, it is not specific to evaluating performance retrospectively.

**Option C (Clinical governance):** Clinical governance is a broader concept encompassing the entire healthcare system, including quality improvement, patient safety, and patient outcomes. While it may involve retrospective evaluation, it is not the primary purpose of clinical governance.

**Option D (Case report):** A case report describes a single patient encounter or experience, typically for educational purposes. It is not a method for evaluating medical performance retrospectively.

**Clinical Pearl:** Retrospective evaluation methods should be tailored to the specific purpose and context. In healthcare settings, audits are commonly used to assess adherence to guidelines, standards, and identify areas for improvement, making them the appropriate choice for evaluating performance retrospectively.

**Correct Answer:** Audit (Audit is option A)