Which of the following organism’s toxin works by same mechanism as Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas ?
**Core Concept:** Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas is a bacterial toxin that inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2). This results in the inhibition of peptide bond formation and ultimately leads to cell death.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** Exotoxin A is a type II bacterial toxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It enters host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and is translocated into the cytosol where it binds to EF-2, leading to ADP-ribosylation. This modification inactivates EF-2 and prevents the formation of peptide bonds, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and causing cell death.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
A. Clostridium tetani: Tetanus is caused by the bacterial toxin tetanospasmin (BoNT), which is a type II toxin that inhibits neuromuscular transmission by cleaving SNAP-25, VAMP-2, and syntaxin-1, leading to the release of acetylcholine instead of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA.
B. Clostridium botulinum: Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a type II toxin that inhibits neuromuscular transmission by cleaving SNAP-25, VAMP-2, and syntaxin-1, leading to the release of acetylcholine instead of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA.
C. Clostridium perfringens: Plague toxin (Yersinia pestis) is a type II toxin that inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving elongation factor 2 (EF-2) and preventing the formation of peptide bonds, leading to cell death.
D. Clostridium difficile: Toxin A and toxin B of Clostridium difficile inhibit protein synthesis by cleaving EF-2, preventing the formation of peptide bonds, leading to cell death.
**Clinical Pearl:** Understanding the mechanism of action of bacterial toxins is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of diseases caused by them, such as tetanus, botulism, and plague.
**Core Concept:** Type II toxins target proteins involved in the process of protein synthesis and lead to cell death by cleaving elongation factor 2 (EF-2).
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
A. Clostridium tetani (tetanus) toxin: Type II toxin cleaves SNAP-25, VAMP-2, and syntaxin-1, leading to the release of acetylcholine instead of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA.
B. Clostridium botulinum (botulism) toxin: Type II toxin cleaves EF-2, preventing the formation of peptide bonds, leading to cell death.
C. Clostridium perfringens (plague) toxin: Type II toxin cleaves EF-2,