Protein synthesis in cell is done by:
**Core Concept**
Protein synthesis is a complex process by which cells create proteins from amino acids. This process involves the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into a specific sequence of amino acids, which are linked together to form a polypeptide chain. The resulting protein has a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its function.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes, which are complex organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes read the sequence of codons on the mRNA and assemble the corresponding amino acids into a polypeptide chain. This process involves the recruitment of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, each carrying a specific amino acid. The tRNA molecules are recognized by the ribosome based on their anticodon sequences, which are complementary to the codon sequences on the mRNA. The ribosome then links the amino acids together through peptide bonds, forming a polypeptide chain. The process of protein synthesis is highly regulated and involves several steps, including initiation, elongation, and termination.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because it does not specify a cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect because it refers to a process that occurs in the mitochondria, which is responsible for generating energy through cellular respiration, not protein synthesis.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect because it refers to a process that occurs in the nucleus, which is responsible for DNA replication and transcription, not protein synthesis.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
The process of protein synthesis is highly regulated and can be influenced by various factors, including hormones, growth factors, and environmental stimuli. Abnormalities in protein synthesis can lead to a variety of diseases, including genetic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.
**Correct Answer: C. Ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in cells.**