**Core Concept**
The question is testing the understanding of the clinical presentation of a specific neuropathic pain syndrome, which is characterized by distal, burning, painful dysesthesias with selective sensory loss.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is **C. Syringomyelia**. Syringomyelia is a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by the development of a fluid-filled cavity or syrinx within the spinal cord. This condition leads to the destruction of the posterior and anterior columns of the spinal cord, resulting in the selective loss of proprioception and motor functions, while sparing pain and temperature sensations. The distal, burning, painful dysesthesias are due to the involvement of the spinothalamic tracts, which convey pain and temperature information.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** This is not a correct answer as it does not accurately describe the clinical presentation of the condition being tested.
* **Option B:** This is not a correct answer as it does not accurately describe the clinical presentation of the condition being tested.
* **Option D:** This is not a correct answer as it does not accurately describe the clinical presentation of the condition being tested.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Syringomyelia is often associated with the "cape-like" distribution of sensory loss, which spares the neck and shoulders, but affects the arms and hands. This is due to the location of the syrinx within the cervical spinal cord.

**Correct Answer:** C. Syringomyelia