Child with kidney transplant developed lympho-proliferative cancer. This is due to which viral infection –
**Core Concept:** Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders (PTLD) are a group of disorders characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes and are a complication following organ transplantation. They are caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders are a consequence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in immunocompromised patients, such as children with kidney transplant. EBV is a DNA virus that belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is known for causing infectious mononucleosis (Glandular fever). In immunocompromised patients, the immune system is unable to control the viral replication, leading to lymphocyte proliferation and development of PTLD.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
A. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is another virus associated with lymphoproliferative disorders, but it primarily affects T cells, not B cells as in PTLD.
B. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a different cause of immunosuppression and lymphoproliferation, but it is not the correct answer for this question.
C. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is another viral infection causing immunosuppression, but it is not responsible for PTLD. PTLD is specifically linked to EBV infection.
D. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is another member of the Herpesviridae family but is not associated with PTLD.
**Clinical Pearl:** PTLD is a significant complication in pediatric organ transplant recipients. Early recognition and management of EBV infection are crucial to prevent the development of PTLD. In immunocompromised patients, prophylactic antiviral therapy or immune-suppressive therapy can help prevent or treat PTLD.