Which of the following are adverse effects of use of blood products?
**Core Concept**
The adverse effects of blood products can be attributed to the presence of plasma proteins, enzymes, and other substances that can trigger an immune response or cause other clinical complications in recipients.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Adverse effects of blood products can include transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), hemolytic transfusion reactions, and transfusion-related allergic reactions. These reactions can occur due to the presence of antibodies or other biologically active substances in the blood products. For example, TRALI can occur when recipient antibodies bind to donor leukocytes, leading to activation of the complement system and inflammatory response. Similarly, hemolytic transfusion reactions occur when recipient antibodies bind to donor red blood cells, leading to their destruction.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Transient hypotension and tachycardia can occur due to the volume expansion caused by blood transfusion, but this is not typically considered an adverse effect of blood products.
**Option B:** Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a rare but serious complication of blood transfusion, typically occurring in immunocompromised individuals. However, it is not a common adverse effect of blood products.
**Option C:** Infection transmission is a risk associated with blood transfusions, but it is not an adverse effect of the blood product itself.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When administering blood products, it is essential to match the blood type and cross-match the recipient's blood with the donor's blood to minimize the risk of adverse reactions.
**Correct Answer:** D.