After performing a single-shot intrathecal anaesthetic consisting of 6.5mg of preservative free bupivacaine and 25 ug of fentanyl, the surgical incision is made and systemic hypotension ensued. To avoid significant decrease in uterine blood flow, first-line therapy to consider is
**Question:** After performing a single-shot intrathecal anaesthetic consisting of 6.5mg of preservative free bupivacaine and 25 ug of fentanyl, the surgical incision is made and systemic hypotension ensued. To avoid significant decrease in uterine blood flow, first-line therapy to consider is:
A. Norepinephrine
B. Ephedrine
C. Salbutamol
D. Magnesium sulfate
**Core Concept:**
Intrathecal anaesthesia involves the administration of local anesthetic and opioid drugs, such as bupivacaine and fentanyl, respectively, to provide regional anaesthesia for surgical procedures. These drugs can cause systemic hypotension due to their effect on sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular system. Bupivacaine blocks sympathetic outflow, reducing cardiac output and blood pressure. Fentanyl causes vasodilation by antagonizing opioid receptors in the vasculature leading to further reduction in blood pressure.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**
To address the systemic hypotension induced by the intrathecal anaesthetic, we need to consider a drug that can effectively counteract the sympatholytic effect of bupivacaine and the vasodilatory effect of fentanyl.
Norepinephrine (A) is a suitable choice as it is a potent vasoconstrictor, acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors to increase cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. It is an effective vasopressor and will help in maintaining uterine blood flow.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
B. Ephedrine (B) is a sympathomimetic amine that acts on alpha-adrenergic receptors, mainly increasing heart rate and cardiac output. While it can help in raising blood pressure, it may not be as potent as norepinephrine and might not be as effective in maintaining uterine blood flow.
C. Salbutamol (C) is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that increases heart rate and cardiac output but lacks the ability to directly constrict blood vessels. It will not effectively counteract the vasodilatory effect of fentanyl or increase systemic vascular resistance.
D. Magnesium sulfate (D) is primarily used to prevent neuromuscular blockade following muscle relaxants and may not be effective in treating hypotension induced by intrathecal anaesthesia.
**Clinical Pearl:**
In cases of hypotension associated with regional anaesthesia, using norepinephrine (A) is a preferred choice due to its superior vasopressor effect and its ability to maintain uterine blood flow. Using ephedrine (B) may be a suitable alternative when norepinephrine is not available, but its effectiveness is inferior compared to norepinephrine.