**Question:** Levels of which of the following hormones are increased in post-menopausal women?

A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. Thyroxine
D. Testosterone

**Core Concept:** In post-menopausal women, the primary hormonal changes are related to estrogen and progesterone production. Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation and fertility in women, typically occurring in the late 40s to early 50s. With the decline in ovarian function, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, leading to menopausal symptoms and changes in the female reproductive system.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** In post-menopausal women, the levels of estrogen and progesterone are increased due to the reduced production in the ovaries. Ovarian follicles no longer secrete these hormones, resulting in elevated levels to compensate for the deficiency.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

A. Estrogen: Although menopause is associated with increased estrogen levels, there are also elevated progesterone levels in post-menopausal women.
B. Progesterone: Similar to estrogen, progesterone levels increase in response to the decline in ovarian secretion during menopause.
C. Thyroxine (T4): Thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland, not the ovaries, and are not altered in post-menopausal women.
D. Testosterone: Testosterone is produced by the adrenal glands and not directly related to menopause. Although menopausal women may exhibit elevated testosterone levels due to hormonal changes in the body, testosterone is not directly increased as a result of menopause.

**Clinical Pearl:** Monitoring hormone levels in post-menopausal women can help in understanding the hormonal changes associated with menopause and guiding appropriate treatment options, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Timely intervention can alleviate menopausal symptoms and reduce the risk of postmenopausal complications.