**Core Concept**
The patient's presentation of cutaneous vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and peripheral neuropathy suggests a systemic vasculitic process, likely involving small to medium-sized vessels. This clinical picture is characteristic of a specific autoimmune disorder.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The diagnosis of this condition can be aided by detecting the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), particularly those targeting proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO). These autoantibodies are commonly found in patients with Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA), a form of systemic vasculitis that affects small to medium-sized vessels. The presence of ANCA, along with the patient's clinical manifestations, supports the diagnosis of GPA.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because it does not directly relate to the diagnosis of the patient's condition. While rheumatoid factor is an important serological marker, it is not specific for GPA or the patient's clinical presentation.

**Option B:** This option is incorrect because it refers to a different autoimmune disorder. While vasculitis can be a feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the patient's presentation and laboratory findings are more suggestive of GPA.

**Option C:** This option is incorrect because it does not provide a specific diagnostic test or marker for GPA. While a thorough history and physical examination are essential, they do not directly aid in the diagnosis of this condition.

**Option D:** This option is incorrect because it refers to a different type of vasculitis. While polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a form of systemic vasculitis, it primarily affects medium-sized vessels and is not typically associated with the presence of ANCA.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When evaluating a patient with systemic vasculitis, remember to consider the presence of ANCA as a key diagnostic marker, particularly in cases of GPA. A high index of suspicion and a thorough laboratory evaluation are essential for making an accurate diagnosis.

**Correct Answer:** C.