**Core Concept**
Peripheral tolerance induction refers to the mechanisms by which the immune system prevents autoimmune responses against self-antigens. This process involves cell surface molecules that regulate immune cell interactions and function. Key players include co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules that modulate T-cell activation and tolerance.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer involves molecules that help to suppress T-cell activation and promote immune tolerance. These include co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein 4) and PD-1 (Programmed Death-1), which interact with their ligands B7-2 (CD86) and PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) respectively. These interactions lead to the inhibition of T-cell activation and proliferation, thereby promoting peripheral tolerance.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** Not a correct example of a cell surface molecule involved in peripheral tolerance induction.
* **Option B:** Not a correct example of a cell surface molecule involved in peripheral tolerance induction.
* **Option D:** Not a correct example of a cell surface molecule involved in peripheral tolerance induction.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
One key concept to remember is that co-inhibitory molecules like CTLA-4 and PD-1 are crucial for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. Dysregulation of these molecules can lead to immune-related complications in cancer and autoimmune disease patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors.
**Correct Answer: C. CTLA-4 and PD-1**
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