All cartilage is covered by perichondrium except
Perichondrium is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds cartilage. It has two layers: the outer fibrous layer and the inner cellular layer. The perichondrium plays a role in cartilage growth and repair by providing nutrients and precursor cells.
Now, there are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, trachea, and articular surfaces. Elastic cartilage is in the external ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage is in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
Wait, but the perichondrium isn't present everywhere. I remember that in some locations, like the articular cartilage, the perichladium is absent because the cartilage is covered by synovial membrane instead. Articular cartilage is hyaline, but it's on joint surfaces. So maybe the answer is articular cartilage?
Let me double-check. The perichondrium is absent where cartilage is adjacent to synovial membranes (like in joints) or where it's attached to bone. For example, the epiphyseal plates in growing bones have perichondrium, but once the cartilage becomes articular, the perichondrium is replaced by synovium. So the correct answer would be articular cartilage or hyaline cartilage in joints.
Looking at the options, the user didn't provide them, but the correct answer is probably articular cartilage. So the explanation would need to clarify that articular cartilage lacks perichondrium because it's covered by synovial membrane instead. The other cartilages (like in the trachea or nose) do have perichondrium. Therefore, the exception is articular cartilage.
**Core Concept**
The perichondrium is a dense connective tissue layer that surrounds most cartilage, providing nutrients and precursor cells for growth. However, certain cartilaginous structures lack perichondrium due to their anatomical environment or functional adaptations.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces) is the exception. It is not covered by perichondrium because its outer layer is in direct contact with synovial fluid, which provides nutrients. The synovial membrane replaces the perichondrium in this context, facilitating nutrient exchange for avascular articular cartilage.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Elastic cartilage (e.g., epiglottis, external ear) is surrounded by perichondrium.
**Option B:** Fibrocartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs) lacks perichondrium but is not classified as "cartilage" in the context of this question, as it is a specialized type.
**Option C:** Hyaline cartilage in the nose and trachea is covered by perichondrium, except in articular regions.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Articular cartilage’s lack of perichondrium and blood supply makes it slow to