**Core Concept:** The risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) depends on factors such as immune status, prior TB exposure, and the virulence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain. Understanding the basic biology of TB infection is essential for answering this question.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** The correct answer (C) is based on the realities of TB transmission and immune response. Most infected individuals (around 90%) will remain asymptomatic and become "latent TB infection" (LTBI) carriers, where the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria remain dormant within macrophages without causing disease. The remaining 10% will progress to active TB disease (ATB) due to factors such as weakened immune response, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

A) The correct answer (C) explains that 10% will develop ATB, not 80%.
B) The correct answer (C) explains the progression to ATB due to weakened immunity or other factors, not that 20% will never develop ATB.
D) The correct answer (C) discusses the progression of TB infection to ATB, not that 40% will remain uninfected.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** The correct answer (C) accurately reflects the overall risk of progression from LTBI to active TB disease, accounting for both the percentage of infected individuals (10%) and the factors that influence progression.

**Clinical Pearl:** The risk of progression from LTBI to ATB is a primary focus of TB control measures, such as TB screening and treatment for those with LTBI. Understanding this concept is crucial for healthcare professionals to guide patient care and public health initiatives.