**Question:** Following operations are done in case of otosclerosis: a) Stapedectomy, b) Fenestration, c) Stapedotomy, d) Sacculotomy, e) Mastoidectomy.

**Core Concept:** Otosclerosis is a hereditary disorder characterized by the abnormal bony growth (osteogenesis) in the region of the stapes footplate in the human middle ear, leading to conductive hearing loss. The surgical options aim to relieve the otosclerotic fixation and restore the transmission of sound vibrations to the inner ear.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**

Option A: Stapedectomy (stapedectomy) is a surgical procedure where the entire stapes bone is removed to relieve the fixation. This operation is done when the stapes is fused with the footplate, and the incus (middle ear bone) is still mobile. In this case, the stapedectomy restores the vibration transmission to the inner ear.

Option B: Fenestration (stapedioplasty) is a less invasive procedure where a small window (fenestra) is created in the stapes footplate to allow the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear. This operation is performed when the incus is also fixed, and the stapes is still mobile. The fenestration aims to bypass the fixed stapes and restore the sound transmission to the inner ear.

Option C: Stapedotomy is a more recent surgical procedure where a small hole (osteotome) is made in the stapes footplate, which is then replaced with a synthetic prosthesis (stapes prosthesis) to restore the sound transmission to the inner ear. Stapedotomy is performed when both the stapes and incus are fixed, and the malleus (another middle ear bone) is mobile. In this case, the prosthesis fills the hole created and ensures the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear.

Option D: Sacculotomy is a surgical procedure where the ampullary ring of the utricle (saccule) is removed to relieve the fixation involving the utricle in cases of otosclerosis. This operation is not typically performed as a standalone procedure, but rather as an adjunct to other surgical procedures.

Option E: Mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure involving removal of part of the mastoid bone to reach the middle ear. It is performed as a part of combined procedures like tympanoplasty or mastoidectomy, but it is not a standalone procedure for otosclerosis treatment.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

Option D (sacculotomy) and E (mastoidectomy) are not considered standalone procedures for treating otosclerosis. Instead, they are performed as adjunctive procedures during other operations like tympanoplasty or mastoidectomy. Otosclerosis is primarily a disease affecting the middle ear structures, specifically the stapes and the utricle, and therefore, these options are not directly addressing the primary problem.

**Core Concept Overview:**

Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal bone formation in the middle ear, affecting the stapes and utricle.