Orchidopexy for cryptorchidism is done at the age of:
Correct Answer: Pubey
Description: FAST Schwaz writes- "Blunt abdominal trauma initially is evaluated by FAST examination in most major trauma centers, and this has largely supplanted DPL, FAST is not 100% sensitive, however, so diagnostic peritoneal aspiration is still advocated in hemodynamically unstable patients without a defined source of blood loss to rule out abdominal hemorrhage. Patients with fluid on FAST examination, considered a positive FAST', who do not have immediate indications. for laparotomy and are hemodynamically stable undergo CT scanning to quantify their injuries." Sabiston v,rites - Hemodynamically stable patients sustaining blunt trauma are adequately evaluated by abdominal ultrasound or CT. unless other severe injuries take priority and the patient needs to go to the operating room before the objective abdominal evaluation. In such instances, DPL or. focussed abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) is usually performed in the operating room to rule out intra-abdominal bleeding requiring immediate surgical exploration. The main decision in an abdominal injury is to decide whether an exploratory laparotomy is necessary or not. Physical examination though may help sometimes, has significant limitations and may be unreliable. The diagnostic approach to penetrating (Gunshot and Stab wounds) and blunt abdominal trauma differs substantially. Gunshot abdominal wounds: Chances of internal injury is very high in gunshot wounds thus little preoperative evaluation is required and laparotomy is mandatory. Stab wounds to abdomen: In contrast to GSWs, SWs are less likely to injure intra-abdominal organs. Patients with isolated penetrating abdominal wound if hypotensive, or in shock or showing peritoneal signs go for exploratory laparotomy. Management of stable patients is debatable and controversial. Various methods are used to determine whether laparotomy is necessary or not. Anterior stab wound- In ant. stab wounds local wound exploration can be performed to determine if there is any penetration of the peritoneal cavity. If the tract terminates without entering the peritoneum, the injury can be managed as a deep laceration and laparotomy is not needed. Otherwise, penetration of the peritoneum is assumed, and significant injury must be excluded by fuher diagnostic evaluations. Options include diagnostic peritoneal lavage, laparoscopy, CT, FAST, and admission with observation. Flank and back wounds- There is more debate over the management of stab wounds to the flank and back. These injuries are special because of the risks associated with retroperitoneal organ injury-colon, kidneys and ureter. Triple contrast CT (i.e. oral, IV, and rectal contrast) is advised to detect colon and retroperitoneal injuries and the need for laparotomy. Other methods like DPL, laparoscopy arc also advised. Blunt abdominal injury: Hemodynamically stable patients sustaining blunt trauma are adequately evaluated by abdominal ultrasound or CT (CT in selected cases to refine the diagnosis) unless other severe injuries take priority and the patient needs to go to the operating room before the objective abdominal evaluation. In such instances, DPL or focussed abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) is usually performed in the operating room to rule out infra-abdominal bleeding requiring immediate exploratory laparotomy. US has largely replaced DPL. Management of hemodynamically unstable pt: a hemodynamically unstable pt is evaluated by FAST and if infra-abdominal fluid detected, undergoes laparotomy.
Category:
Surgery
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