**Core Concept**
NPHS1 gene encodes for the protein podocin, which plays a crucial role in the function and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidneys. Mutations in this gene can lead to podocyte dysfunction and subsequent nephrotic syndrome.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Mutations in the NPHS1 gene are associated with autosomal recessive steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), also known as congenital nephrotic syndrome. Podocin, the protein encoded by NPHS1, is essential for the proper functioning of the slit diaphragm in podocytes, which is critical for maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Loss-of-function mutations in NPHS1 disrupt this process, leading to massive proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is not relevant to the question, as mutations in the NPHS2 gene are associated with familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), not SRNS.
**Option B:** While mutations in other genes can cause SRNS, NPHS1 is not associated with Alport syndrome, which is caused by mutations in COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect, as mutations in the NPHS1 gene are not associated with minimal change disease, which is a different cause of nephrotic syndrome.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
NPHS1 mutations can cause congenital nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by massive proteinuria and edema in infants. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

**Correct Answer: C. Congenital nephrotic syndrome**