Hyponatremia in multiple myeloma is
**Core Concept**
Hyponatremia in multiple myeloma is a clinical entity characterized by low serum sodium levels in the context of this specific disease. The pathophysiology involves the excessive excretion of sodium due to the effects of the myeloma cells on the kidney.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
In multiple myeloma, the myeloma cells produce light chains that are either excreted in the urine or cause a condition known as "nephrotic syndrome-like" picture. This results in a significant loss of sodium and water in the urine, leading to a dilutional hyponatremia. This type of hyponatremia is termed pseudo-hyponatremia because the serum sodium levels are accurately measured, but the measured values are diluted by the excess lipids and proteins present in the blood. This condition is not due to a true sodium deficiency but rather a dilutional effect.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** TRUE is incorrect because hyponatremia in multiple myeloma is not a true sodium deficiency but rather a dilutional effect.
* **Option B:** Relative is incorrect because hyponatremia in multiple myeloma is not a relative sodium deficiency but rather a dilutional effect.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to remember that pseudo-hyponatremia can occur in any condition with significant hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia, such as multiple myeloma, severe liver disease, or severe nephrotic syndrome. This requires careful interpretation of serum sodium levels in these patients.
**Correct Answer Line**
β Correct Answer: D. Pseudo