(A) Dystonia # Drug Induced & Tardive Movement Disorders> Movement disorders secondary to pharmacological agents represent a large number of extrapyramidal disorders seen by neurologists and psychiatrists in the outpatient setting.> Involuntary movements, including tremor, chorea, athetosis, dyskinesias, dystonia, myoclonus, tics, ballismus and akathisia, may be symptoms of primary neurologic disease or occur secondary to pharmacotherapy CHARACTERISTICS* TremorRhythmic. Oscillatory movement categorized according to its relationship to activity or posture* ChoreaIrregular, unpredictable brief jerky movements* AthetosisSlow, writhing movements of distal parts of limbs* DyskinesiasRecessive abnormal involuntary movements* DystoniaSlow sustained, posturing or contractions of a muscle or group of muscles* MyoclonusRapid, brief shock like muscle jerks* TicRepetitive, irregular stereotype movements or vocalizations* BallismusWild flinging or throwing movements* AkathisiaSubjective sensation of restlessness often associated with inability to keep still. Easily confused with psychiatric symptoms such as agitation, hyperactivity and anxiety> Central stimulants that act as indirect dopamine agonists such as amphetamine> Levodopa, a precursor of dopamine> Direct dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine> Presynaptic dopamine antagonists (dopamine depleting agents) such as reserpine> Neuroleptics such as haloperidol (Haldol) or chlorpromazine (Thorazine), and other medications such as metoclopramide (Reglan) which antagonize or block central dopamine receptors> By far, the most common cause of drug-induced and tardive syndromes are those that block or antagonize dopamine receptors, usually the neuroleptics.