Differential diagnosis of panic disorder includes: a. Pheochromocytoma b. Myocardial infarction c. Mitral valve prolapse d. Depression e. Carcinoid syndrome
**Core Concept**
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are intense episodes of fear or discomfort. The differential diagnosis of panic disorder involves identifying other conditions that may present with similar symptoms, such as cardiovascular or endocrine disorders.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Panic disorder can be mimicked by conditions that cause sudden, intense physiological responses, such as pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes excess catecholamines, leading to episodes of hypertension, tachycardia, and palpitations. **Option C**, Mitral valve prolapse, is a condition where the mitral valve leaflets do not close properly, which can cause heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath, symptoms similar to panic attacks. **Option D**, Depression, can also present with anxiety symptoms, including panic attacks, making it a consideration in the differential diagnosis of panic disorder.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Pheochromocytoma is a correct option and should not be included in the distractors.
**Option B:** Myocardial infarction typically presents with chest pain, shortness of breath, and electrocardiographic changes, which are not typically associated with panic attacks.
**Option E:** Carcinoid syndrome is characterized by flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, and heart valve abnormalities, which are not typically associated with panic attacks.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When considering the differential diagnosis of panic disorder, it is essential to remember that other conditions that cause sudden, intense physiological responses, such as pheochromocytoma and mitral valve prolapse, should be ruled out. A thorough medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests can help differentiate these conditions from panic disorder.
**Correct Answer: C. Mitral valve prolapse**