**Core Concept**
Minimal change disease (MCD) is a type of nephrotic syndrome characterized by the loss of large amounts of protein in the urine, primarily due to damage to the glomerular filtration barrier. The primary pathophysiological mechanism involves the alteration of the glomerular basement membrane and the podocytes, leading to increased permeability and albuminuria.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The main cause of minimal change disease is the activation of the complement system and the subsequent release of cytokines, which trigger a cascade of signaling pathways that alter the expression of genes involved in the regulation of the glomerular filtration barrier. Specifically, the increase in the expression of nephrin, a transmembrane protein that is critical for maintaining the integrity of the slit diaphragm between podocytes, leads to its altered localization and function. This results in the disruption of the normal glomerular filtration barrier, allowing large molecules such as albumin to pass through.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect as it does not accurately describe the primary cause of minimal change disease.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect as it refers to a different type of kidney disease, where the primary pathology involves the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect as it is a feature of other types of kidney disease, such as membranous nephropathy.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, and it typically responds well to corticosteroid therapy. The disease is characterized by its rapid response to treatment, with most patients achieving complete remission within 4-6 weeks of starting corticosteroids.

**Correct Answer:** C.