Mental retardation term has been replaced by:
**Core Concept**
Intellectual disability, previously known as mental retardation, refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant cognitive impairment, adaptive behavior deficits, and a substantial impact on daily functioning. This condition is often associated with genetic, environmental, or medical factors that affect brain development.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The term "mental retardation" has been widely criticized for its stigmatizing and derogatory connotations. In 2010, the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) and the American Psychiatric Association (APA) recommended replacing this term with "intellectual disability" to promote a more respectful and accurate understanding of the condition. This change acknowledges the individual's potential for growth and emphasizes the need for supportive services and accommodations.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** "Mental impairment" is not a widely accepted term in the medical or psychological community, as it is too vague and lacks specificity.
**Option B:** "Learning disability" is a distinct condition characterized by difficulties with specific academic skills, such as reading or mathematics, but does not encompass the broader cognitive and adaptive deficits associated with intellectual disability.
**Option C:** "Developmental delay" refers to a condition where an individual's development is slower than expected, but may not necessarily result in significant cognitive or adaptive impairments.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It is essential to use person-first language when discussing intellectual disability, emphasizing the individual rather than the condition (e.g., "person with intellectual disability" rather than "intellectually disabled person").
**Correct Answer: C. Developmental delay