Deficiency of growth hormone leads to –a) Delayed fusion of epiphysisb) Proportionate dwarfismc) Acromegaly d) Mental retardation
First, I need to recall what growth hormone does. Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is crucial for growth. In children, GH deficiency would lead to growth retardation. But what exactly happens in terms of bone development?
Option A: Delayed fusion of epiphysis. Wait, delayed fusion would mean that the growth plates close later than normal. If GH is deficient, the growth plates might not close at all, leading to continued growth but not proportionally. However, in GH deficiency, the epiphyseal plates might actually close prematurely? Or maybe not. I need to think. Normally, GH deficiency in children leads to proportionate short stature because the growth plates remain open but don't grow as much. So fusion isn't delayed; maybe the plates are just not active enough. So delayed fusion isn't the issue here. So A is incorrect.
Option B: Proportionate dwarfism. Yes, this makes sense. GH deficiency in children leads to proportionate dwarfism because all body parts are small but in proportion. Unlike other causes of short stature where there might be disproportions, GH deficiency results in uniform growth failure. So B is correct.
Option C: Acromegaly. That's the opposite. Acromegaly is due to excess GH in adults, leading to overgrowth of bones and tissues. So C is incorrect because it's caused by excess, not deficiency.
Option D: Mental retardation. GH is important for growth but not directly for cognitive development. So deficiency in GH doesn't cause mental retardation. Unless there's another pituitary hormone issue, but the question is specifically about GH. So D is wrong.
So the correct answer is B. The clinical pearl here is that GH deficiency in children leads to proportionate dwarfism, which is different from other types of dwarfism like achondroplasia, which is disproportionate.
**Core Concept**
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency in children impairs longitudinal bone growth and overall somatic development. GH stimulates insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which mediates skeletal growth via chondrocyte proliferation in growth plates. Deficiency disrupts this pathway, leading to proportionate short stature.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Proportionate dwarfism (Option B) occurs because GH deficiency reduces IGF-1 production, slowing linear growth uniformly across all body parts. Growth plates remain open (no premature fusion), preserving proportionality. This contrasts with conditions like achondroplasia, which cause disproportionate short stature due to endochondral ossification defects.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Delayed fusion of epiphysis is incorrect. GH deficiency does not delay epiphyseal closure; instead, growth plates remain active but underperform, leading to short stature without delayed fusion.
**Option C:** Acromegaly is caused by *excess* GH in adults, not deficiency. It results in bony overgrowth